- Static: A fixed number of PHP processes will be maintained no matter what.
- Dynamic: We get to specify the minimum and maximum number of processes that
php-fpmwill keep alive at any given point in time. - ondemand: Processes are created and destroyed, well, on-demand.
So, how do these settings matter?
In simple terms, if you have a website with low traffic, the “dynamic” setting is a waste of resources most of the time. Assuming that you have pm.min_spare_servers set to 3, three PHP processes will be created and maintained even when there’s no traffic on the website. In such cases, “ondemand” is a better option, letting the system decide when to launch new processes.
On the other hand, websites that handle large amounts of traffic or must respond quickly will get punished in this setting. Creating a new PHP process, making it part of a pool, and monitoring it, is extra overhead that is best avoided.
Using pm = static fixes the number of child processes, letting maximum system resources to be used in serving the requests rather than managing PHP. If you do go this route, beware that it has its guidelines and pitfalls. A rather dense but highly useful article about it is here.
Final words
Since articles on web performance can spark wars or serve to confuse people, I feel that a few words are in order before we close this article. Performance tuning is as much about guesswork and dark arts as it is system knowledge.
Even if you know all the php-fpm settings by heart, success isn’t guaranteed. If you had no clue about the existence of php-fpm, then you don’t need to waste time worrying about it. Just keep doing what you’re already doing and carry on.
At the same time, avoid the end of being a performance junkie. Yes, you can get even better performance by recompiling PHP from scratch and removing all the modules you won’t be using, but this approach isn’t sane enough in production environments. The whole idea of optimizing something is to take a look at whether your needs differ from the defaults (which they seldom do!), and make minor changes as needed.
If you are not ready to spend time optimizing your PHP servers, then you may consider leveraging a reliable platform like Kinsta who takes care of performance optimization and security.
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